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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' awareness and capacity to tap into the benefits of relationships, as well as learning-internal factors, were significant. The RIs from TS and ZL for instance mentioned their local professor relationship as a key factor 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프 in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor (see example 2).
This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The discourse completion test is a common instrument in pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but it also has some drawbacks. For example the DCT cannot take into account cultural and personal differences in communication. Additionally, the DCT is susceptible to bias and could lead to overgeneralizations. It is important to carefully analyze the data before it is used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT is a valuable tool for analyzing the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to alter social variables related to politeness can be a strength. This feature can help researchers study the role of prosody in communication across cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the primary tools to analyze learners' behaviors in communication. It can be used to investigate various issues such as politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of the learners their speech.
A recent study utilized a DCT to test EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a range of scenarios to choose from, and 프라그마틱 무료 then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. Researchers warned, however, that the DCT must be used with caution. They also recommended using other data collection methods.
DCTs are often designed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They are not always accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research on alternative methods of assessing refusal competency.
In a recent study, DCT responses to student requests via email were compared to those from an oral DCT. The results revealed that the DCT promoted more direct and conventionally indirect request forms, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to think about their evaluations and refusal performances in RIs. The results showed that CLKs are more likely to defy native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current lives, as well as their relationships. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
First, the MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants' rational choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of resistance to pragmatics. Interviewees were also required to explain why they chose a pragmatic behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found employ euphemistic phrases such as "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences for 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 converging to L1 or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. For instance, 프라그마틱 불법 in Situations 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribing, and then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding process was iterative, with the coders re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they reflected the actual behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The most important problem in the field of pragmatic research is: why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question by using various experimental tools, including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were asked to perform the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not follow the patterns of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this even though they could produce native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors such as their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing lives. They also spoke of external factors like relational affordances. For instance, they outlined how their relationships with professors facilitated a more relaxed performance in relation to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university.
The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or penalties they could face when their social norms were violated. They were concerned that their native interactants might perceive them as "foreigners" and think they are not intelligent. This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native speakers pragmatic norms aren't the norm for Korean learners. They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the usefulness of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultural contexts on the pragmatic behavior and classroom interactions of L2 students. This will also help educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on intensive, participant-centered research to study a specific subject. This method utilizes multiple data sources, such as interviews, observations and documents to support its findings. This kind of research is ideal for studying specific or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods.
The first step in conducting a case study is to clearly define the subject matter and the purpose of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which can be omitted. It is also useful to read the literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based upon an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study showed that L2 Korean learners were highly vulnerable to the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answers which were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to include their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, further detracting from their quality of response.
Moreover, the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at their second or third year at university and were aiming for level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and understanding of the world.
The interviewees were given two scenarios, each involving a hypothetical interaction with their interlocutors and were asked to select one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. Interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. Most of the participants attributed their rational opposition to their personality. TS, for example said she was difficult to get along with and would not inquire about her interlocutor's well-being when they were working at a high rate despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.
CLKs' awareness and capacity to tap into the benefits of relationships, as well as learning-internal factors, were significant. The RIs from TS and ZL for instance mentioned their local professor relationship as a key factor 프라그마틱 무료체험 슬롯버프 in their pragmatic decision to avoid criticism of a strict professor (see example 2).
This article examines all local pragmatic research on Korean published up to 2020. It focuses on the most important pragmatic topics including:
Discourse Construction Tests (DCTs)
The discourse completion test is a common instrument in pragmatic research. It has many advantages, but it also has some drawbacks. For example the DCT cannot take into account cultural and personal differences in communication. Additionally, the DCT is susceptible to bias and could lead to overgeneralizations. It is important to carefully analyze the data before it is used for research or assessment.
Despite its limitations, the DCT is a valuable tool for analyzing the connection between prosody, information structure, and non-native speakers. Its ability in two or more stages to alter social variables related to politeness can be a strength. This feature can help researchers study the role of prosody in communication across cultural contexts, which is a major issue in cross-cultural pragmatics.
In the field of linguistics the DCT has become one of the primary tools to analyze learners' behaviors in communication. It can be used to investigate various issues such as politeness, turn-taking, and lexical choices. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of the learners their speech.
A recent study utilized a DCT to test EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were presented with a range of scenarios to choose from, and 프라그마틱 무료 then asked to select the appropriate response. The authors found that the DCT was more effective than other measures to stop people from refusing that included a questionnaire as well as video recordings. Researchers warned, however, that the DCT must be used with caution. They also recommended using other data collection methods.
DCTs are often designed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criteria are intuitive and based upon the assumptions of test creators. They are not always accurate and may misrepresent how ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research on alternative methods of assessing refusal competency.
In a recent study, DCT responses to student requests via email were compared to those from an oral DCT. The results revealed that the DCT promoted more direct and conventionally indirect request forms, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners their pragmatic choices when they use Korean. It used various experimental tools such as Discourse Completion Tasks, metapragmatic questions and Refusal Interviews. Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate ability who provided responses to DCTs and MQs. They were also asked to think about their evaluations and refusal performances in RIs. The results showed that CLKs are more likely to defy native Korean pragmatism norms. Their choices were influenced by four factors: their personalities and multilingual identities, their current lives, as well as their relationships. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
First, the MQ data were analyzed to determine the participants' rational choices. The data was categorized according Ishihara (2010)'s definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their choices with their linguistic performance on the DCTs in order to determine if they were indicative of resistance to pragmatics. Interviewees were also required to explain why they chose a pragmatic behavior in certain situations.
The results of the MQs and DCTs were then examined using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found employ euphemistic phrases such as "sorry" or "thank you". This was probably due to their lack of familiarity with the target languages, which led to an inadequate understanding of the korean pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preferences for 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 converging to L1 or diverging from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms varies according to the DCT situations. For instance, 프라그마틱 불법 in Situations 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 and L2 pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted in a one-to-one manner within two days after the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribing, and then coded by two coders from different companies. The coding process was iterative, with the coders re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of coding are contrasted with the original RI transcripts to determine whether they reflected the actual behavior.
Refusal Interviews (RIs)
The most important problem in the field of pragmatic research is: why do some learners decide to not accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question by using various experimental tools, including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants included 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were asked to perform the DCTs in their first language and to complete the MQs in either their L1 or L2. They were then invited to an RI, where they were asked to think about and discuss their responses to each DCT situation.
The results showed that CLKs, on average, did not follow the patterns of native speakers in more than 40 percent of their responses. They did this even though they could produce native-like patterns. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their choices to learner-internal factors such as their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing lives. They also spoke of external factors like relational affordances. For instance, they outlined how their relationships with professors facilitated a more relaxed performance in relation to the linguistic and intercultural norms of their university.
The interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures or penalties they could face when their social norms were violated. They were concerned that their native interactants might perceive them as "foreigners" and think they are not intelligent. This concern was similar to those voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These results suggest that native speakers pragmatic norms aren't the norm for Korean learners. They may remain useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the usefulness of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand the impact of different cultural contexts on the pragmatic behavior and classroom interactions of L2 students. This will also help educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is a method that focuses on intensive, participant-centered research to study a specific subject. This method utilizes multiple data sources, such as interviews, observations and documents to support its findings. This kind of research is ideal for studying specific or complex subjects that are difficult to quantify using other methods.
The first step in conducting a case study is to clearly define the subject matter and the purpose of the study. This will help determine which aspects of the subject matter are crucial for research and which can be omitted. It is also useful to read the literature to gain a general understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a larger theoretical context.
This case study was based upon an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 as well as its Korean-specific benchmarks HyperCLOVA X, and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of the study showed that L2 Korean learners were highly vulnerable to the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answers which were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from the correct pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to include their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, further detracting from their quality of response.
Moreover, the participants of this study were L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at their second or third year at university and were aiming for level 6 on their next attempt. They were asked questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness, understanding and understanding of the world.
The interviewees were given two scenarios, each involving a hypothetical interaction with their interlocutors and were asked to select one of the following strategies to employ when making an inquiry. Interviewees were then asked to justify their decision. Most of the participants attributed their rational opposition to their personality. TS, for example said she was difficult to get along with and would not inquire about her interlocutor's well-being when they were working at a high rate despite the fact that she thought native Koreans would.
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