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Study of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean
CLKs' understanding and ability to tap into the benefits of relationships, as well as the learner-internal aspects, were crucial. For instance, RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their decision to avoid expressing criticism of the strictness of a professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all locally published pragmatic research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core pragmatic issues such as:
Discourse Construction Tests
The test for discourse completion is a common tool in pragmatic research. It has many advantages but it also has its drawbacks. For example, the DCT cannot account for cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior. The DCT can also be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody, information structure and 프라그마틱 플레이 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 환수율 - Pr7bookmark.com - non-native speakers. The ability to alter social variables that affect politeness in two or more steps could be a plus. This ability can be used to study the role of prosody in various cultural contexts.
In the field linguistics, DCT is one of the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to investigate a variety of issues such as politeness, 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 turn taking, and lexical selection. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of the learners speaking.
Recent research has used the DCT as an instrument to test the ability to resist of EFL students. Participants were given a list of scenarios and were asked to choose the appropriate response from the choices provided. The authors found that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs are typically created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are based on intuition and are based on the assumptions of the test developers. They aren't always correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for more study on alternative methods for assessing refusal competency.
In a recent study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT promoted more direct and traditionally form-based requests, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners' pragmatic choices in their use of Korean by using a range of experimental tools, including Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). The participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs and RIs. They were also required to provide reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, as well as their relationships. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data was first analyzed to determine the participants' practical choices. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the selections were compared to their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing a pragmatic behavior in certain situations.
The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analysed using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an insufficient understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to move towards L1 varied depending on the DCT situations. For example, in Situation 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they preferred converging to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis within a period of two days of participants completing the MQs. The RIs, which were transcribed and recorded by two coders who were independent, were then coded. The coding process was iterative, with the coders re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behaviors.
Refusal Interviews
The key question in pragmatic research is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question employing a variety of research instruments, including DCTs, MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. Then they were invited to a RI where they were required to consider their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that CLKs on average, 프라그마틱 무료 did not adhere to the patterns of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce patterns that closely resembled natives. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities, multilingual identities, and ongoing life histories. They also mentioned external factors like relational benefits. They described, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯 for example how their relations with their professors enabled them to perform better in terms of the linguistic and cultural expectations of their university.
However, the interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures and punishments that they could face if they flouted their local social norms. They were worried that their native friends might view them as "foreignersand consider them incompetent. This concern was similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the preferred choice of Korean learners. They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reconsider the validity of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments may impact the pragmatic behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigative strategy that uses participant-centered, in-depth investigations to explore a specific subject. It is a method that makes use of multiple data sources to help support the findings, such as interviews or observations, documents and artifacts. This type of investigation is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will help you determine what aspects of the subject must be investigated and which ones can be skipped. It is also beneficial to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a wider theoretical context.
This study was based on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], and its benchmarks for Koreans, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were extremely vulnerable to the influence of native models. They were more likely to choose incorrect answers that were literal interpretations of prompts, which were not based on accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to add their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, further reducing their quality of response.
The participants of this study were all L2 Korean students who had attained level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year at university and hoped to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were required to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as comprehension and pragmatic awareness.
Interviewees were presented with two scenarios which involved interactions with their co-workers and asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making an offer. They were then asked to explain the reasoning behind their choice. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For instance, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and she therefore refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do so.
CLKs' understanding and ability to tap into the benefits of relationships, as well as the learner-internal aspects, were crucial. For instance, RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a major factor in their decision to avoid expressing criticism of the strictness of a professor (see the second example).
This article reviews all locally published pragmatic research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core pragmatic issues such as:
Discourse Construction Tests
The test for discourse completion is a common tool in pragmatic research. It has many advantages but it also has its drawbacks. For example, the DCT cannot account for cultural and personal differences in communicative behavior. The DCT can also be biased and can lead to overgeneralizations. As a result, it must be carefully analyzed before it is used for research or assessment purposes.
Despite its limitations the DCT can be a useful instrument to study the relationship between prosody, information structure and 프라그마틱 플레이 프라그마틱 슬롯 하는법 환수율 - Pr7bookmark.com - non-native speakers. The ability to alter social variables that affect politeness in two or more steps could be a plus. This ability can be used to study the role of prosody in various cultural contexts.
In the field linguistics, DCT is one of the most effective tools for analyzing communication behaviors of learners. It can be used to investigate a variety of issues such as politeness, 프라그마틱 슬롯버프 turn taking, and lexical selection. It can also be used to assess the phonological complexity of the learners speaking.
Recent research has used the DCT as an instrument to test the ability to resist of EFL students. Participants were given a list of scenarios and were asked to choose the appropriate response from the choices provided. The authors found that the DCT was more effective than other refusal measures, including a questionnaire and video recordings. However, they cautioned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other data collection methods.
DCTs are typically created with specific linguistic requirements in mind, like the content and the form. These criteria are based on intuition and are based on the assumptions of the test developers. They aren't always correct, and they could misrepresent the way that ELF learners actually reject requests in real-world interactions. This issue calls for more study on alternative methods for assessing refusal competency.
In a recent study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with the responses from an oral DCT. The results showed that the DCT promoted more direct and traditionally form-based requests, and a lesser use of hints than email data did.
Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs)
This study examined Chinese learners' pragmatic choices in their use of Korean by using a range of experimental tools, including Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs) Metapragmatic Questionnaires, Refusal Interviews (RIs). The participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs and RIs. They were also required to provide reflections on their evaluations and their refusals to participate in RIs. The results revealed that CLKs often chose to defy native Korean norms of pragmatism. Their decisions were influenced by four factors that included their personalities and multilingual identities, their ongoing life histories, as well as their relationships. These findings have implications for pedagogy for L2 Korean assessment and teaching.
The MQ data was first analyzed to determine the participants' practical choices. The data were classified according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, the selections were compared to their linguistic performance on the DCTs to determine if they were a reflection of pragmatic resistance or not. Interviewees also had to explain the reasons for choosing a pragmatic behavior in certain situations.
The findings of the MQs and DCTs were then analysed using descriptive statistics and z-tests. The CLKs were found use euphemistic words like "sorry" or "thank you". This could be due to their lack experience with the target languages, which led to an insufficient understanding of korean pragmatic norms. The results revealed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and 2 norms or to move towards L1 varied depending on the DCT situations. For example, in Situation 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 as well as L2 pragmatic norms whereas in Situation 14 they preferred converging to L1 norms.
The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted on a one-to-one basis within a period of two days of participants completing the MQs. The RIs, which were transcribed and recorded by two coders who were independent, were then coded. The coding process was iterative, with the coders re-reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were evaluated against the original RI transcripts, giving an indication of how the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behaviors.
Refusal Interviews
The key question in pragmatic research is: why do some learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? A recent study attempted to answer this question employing a variety of research instruments, including DCTs, MQs and RIs. The participants consisted of 46 CLKs, 44 CNSs, and 45 KNSs from five Korean universities. Participants were required to complete the DCTs and MQs either in their L1 or L2 levels. Then they were invited to a RI where they were required to consider their responses to the DCT situations.
The results showed that CLKs on average, 프라그마틱 무료 did not adhere to the patterns of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this despite the fact that they could produce patterns that closely resembled natives. They were aware of their practical resistance. They attributed their decisions to learner-internal factors such as their identities, personalities, multilingual identities, and ongoing life histories. They also mentioned external factors like relational benefits. They described, 프라그마틱 무료 슬롯 for example how their relations with their professors enabled them to perform better in terms of the linguistic and cultural expectations of their university.
However, the interviewees expressed concerns about the social pressures and punishments that they could face if they flouted their local social norms. They were worried that their native friends might view them as "foreignersand consider them incompetent. This concern was similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009).
These findings suggest that native-speaker pragmatic norms are no longer the preferred choice of Korean learners. They could still be useful as a model for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should reconsider the validity of these tests in various cultural contexts and specific situations. This will help them better understand how different cultural environments may impact the pragmatic behavior of learners in the classroom and beyond. This will also assist educators to develop better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi is principal advisor to Stratways Group, a geopolitical risk consulting firm based in Seoul.
Case Studies
The case study method is an investigative strategy that uses participant-centered, in-depth investigations to explore a specific subject. It is a method that makes use of multiple data sources to help support the findings, such as interviews or observations, documents and artifacts. This type of investigation is ideal for studying unique or complex subjects that are difficult to measure with other methods.
In a case study, the first step is to clearly define both the subject and the purpose of the study. This will help you determine what aspects of the subject must be investigated and which ones can be skipped. It is also beneficial to review the existing literature to gain a better understanding of the subject. It will also help place the situation in a wider theoretical context.
This study was based on an open-source platform, the KMMLU Leaderboard [50], and its benchmarks for Koreans, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this study showed that L2 Korean learners were extremely vulnerable to the influence of native models. They were more likely to choose incorrect answers that were literal interpretations of prompts, which were not based on accurate pragmatic inference. They also showed an inclination to add their own text, or "garbage," to their responses, further reducing their quality of response.
The participants of this study were all L2 Korean students who had attained level four on the Test of Proficiency in Korean TOPIK in their third or second year at university and hoped to achieve level six on their next attempt. They were required to answer questions regarding their WTC/SPCC, as well as comprehension and pragmatic awareness.
Interviewees were presented with two scenarios which involved interactions with their co-workers and asked to choose one of the strategies below to use when making an offer. They were then asked to explain the reasoning behind their choice. The majority of the participants attributed their pragmatic resistance to their personality. For instance, TS claimed that she was difficult to talk to, and she therefore refused to ask about the health of her interlocutors despite having a heavy workload despite her belief that native Koreans would do so.
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